Christian Louboutin Greece nxr nuy yniw fme

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In the context of post-crisis era of trade protectionism measures to respond to new

[Abstract] since the 90s of last century to international trade , technology transfer and international capital flows as the carrier of the economic globalization has become an irreversible trend of the times, at the same time, countries, competition between regions showing a three-dimensional, wide range of trends, with the competition, after the war to promote the development of international trade has played a significant role in the WTO system itself more obvious defects, especially in this century financial crisis, a variety of new trade protectionism intensified greatly hindered the emerging world economy, especially developing countries, this article will be discussed as the world's largest developing country, China's post-crisis era in how response to the escalating new trade protection.
[Key words] The new trade protection, social responsibility FTA barriers to U.S. Section 337 trade relief

economic development as a necessary choice, liberalism and protectionism as a pair of co-existence of any contradiction country or region in the face of their own economic development and foreign competition must be considered core elements, on the one hand, how to choose the principles of economic development often depends on several factors, such as a country or region's own development, self and the outside world mutual relations,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], on the other hand, the policy choices often is a dynamic process, in practice, constantly adjusted, modified, escalating in the competition, perfect.
opposed to economic liberalism, trade protectionism is more concerned about the negative external factors impact on their own, the main non-tariff barriers by tariffs and a variety of import restrictions to protect domestic industries from foreign goods competition. As a continuation of traditional trade protectionism, and upgrading of the end of the last century, new trade protectionism in the ascendant, the scope of protection far beyond the scope of the commodity economy, through the green barrier, barriers, and social responsibility, intellectual property protection and other measures to avoid the multilateral trading bound by the system, then protect jobs and maintain their division of labor and exchange in the international dominance. The emergence of new trade protectionism and the development of the existing competition, promoting the development of economic theory, there are also reasons for the multilateral trading system itself,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but the root cause is still the national, regional imbalance of economic development, therefore, freedom and protection of cross-cutting must run through the various stages of economic development in the world. Then a new era of trade protectionism crisis as 90 since the last century, the new extension and upgrading of trade protectionism, while retaining all the features of new trade protectionism, on the other hand shows the uniqueness of their own.

First, post-crisis era and a new trade protectionism trend features and paper to write

the so-called post-crisis era, on the one hand is the difference between at the moment is over the global financial crisis, on the other hand, because the world economy at this stage there is no apparent negative impact from the economic crisis, the economy may be repeated at any time, so this stage of the new trade protectionism is more before the new Trade protection is a continuation and refinement. Specifically, has the following characteristics:
1. Implementation of the main global and regional
On the one hand, today's change the world economic structure, countries and regions due to economic globalization and regional economic integration of and close together. Caused by U.S. subprime mortgage crisis affecting the world financial crisis, countries and regions, usually of a country on other countries to take protective trade measures will be brought to his country global trade protectionism. On the other hand, the new trade protection to bilateral, groups and regional direction. In order to alleviate the impact of financial crisis, countries around the world to coordinate and to use bilateral FTA, District City economic group, the group elements of the free movement of member countries, the implementation of free trade, foreign and build barriers to trade, protection of members of the market in order to improve the overall competitiveness of countries outside the common response to acts of reprisal. Today the rapid development of regional economic integration, the new trade protectionism in the city showing areas of the trend. For China, the present, China has so far joined the nine free trade agreements at the same time, official and civil institutions are also constantly push for more FTA construction.
2. protection more complex and subtle
On the one hand, an endless stream of new trade protectionism, increasing complexity, and its beyond the World Trade Organization agreements under existing agreements with the scope. Protectionist trade policies began a new trade policy extends to the other side by the country's economic or social policies, mainly as follows: to request the State restrictions on domestic business activities, control of national governments use administrative power to the other anti-competitive behavior and other national economic policy intervention. In addition, the new trade protectionism, the protection of objects from the traditional industrial and agricultural products, manufactured goods and services advanced steering and began to enter the field of high technology products, these also make our response and resolution of its more difficult. On the other hand, the fundamental difference between the old and new point of trade protectionism is the main use of the old protectionist tariff barriers, trade protectionism, the new means of protection to non-tariff-based. Which adopted a new trade protectionism, non-tariff measures was mainly import licensing system,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], auto export quotas, export subsidies and import quotas, while the WTO rules on non-tariff measures in these increasingly stringent constraints. In this case, the new trade protectionism in countries with more practical for more hidden technical barriers such as technical standards, quality certification, testing procedures, environmental protection and national health.
3. protection
surface becoming legalized in most countries in the world today under the constraints of WTO rules and economic development in the direction of free trade, multilateral trading system and now there are some loopholes This protectionism is always trying to find the WTO allows members to back the agreement was to use its unfair treatment to protect their own interests,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], which for countries to In addition, the current, WTO rules to retain the country's economic autonomy, not only developed countries but also developing countries. Therefore, do not take direct conflict with the WTO the various protection measures, the process of economic globalization has become a common form of trade protectionism. In addition, countries also through its own legislation to circumvent the regulation of WTO rules, such as the United States,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 337, 337 U.S. Trade in unfair methods of competition and unfair acts of conducting an investigation, Section 337 does not require actual harm as a precondition. If the ITC ruled in favor of the plaintiff, ITC provided to the United States limited exclusion order, the general exclusion order and cease and desist orders and other relief measures, but in practice, 337 more to play the role of a Qiaoshanzhenhu often program once started, is not so ruling, and that the exporting countries will regulate their own behavior to an appropriate standard. In addition to the SA8000 social responsibility as the representative of barriers, it is a work in order to protect the environment and labor rights standards as the main content management system to the environment and the survival of labor rights of workers as an excuse to take trade protection measures, is the world's first an ethics of international standards, the aim is to ensure that suppliers meet the standards of social responsibility of products. Currently, the world's largest buying group of some very popular products are SA8000 certified companies, prompting many companies to apply for and maintain the certification system, thus weakening the developing countries in the comparative advantage of labor cost, China is also currently engaged in this research, and actively take part in, such as ISO26000 and other related rules, to protect their rights. In short, the new growing surface of the legalization of trade protectionist measures, can not change its essence.

Second, the new trade protectionism and the impact on China's economic development

With economic globalization and regional economic development of doctrine, the inevitable escalation of global competition, the Chinese and words, the industry since 1949 after decades of protection and development, since the reform and opening up gradually to face foreign competition, such competition in most industries in China already has some competition. From a historical point of view, the challenges facing China today with the 19th century British faced a similar one hand, we continue to develop overseas markets to expand exports, and the need to keep a variety of resources from abroad. Moreover, as the world's largest cheap labor market, China must ensure that the overseas market to solve the great problem of employment must also continue to introduce foreign competition by foreign investors, to avoid the early stages of development on the domestic economy at this stage due to over-protection the monopoly of state-owned enterprises to bring harm on the economy. Today, China mainly relies on exports and investment to promote economic growth, new trade protectionism is rampant in China has increased the difficulty of enterprises to develop international markets, on China's economy had a huge negative impact.