Puma Football Shoes Tudor England v Spai Puma Clyd

par5zmi4gy

Francis Drake’s famous Revenge
Until then, the main- and fore-topmasts had been fixed permanently to the mastheads. By devising a means of striking (lowering) topmasts and so allowing them to be taken down onto the deck in bad weather, Hawkins gave seamen more control over their ships in adverse conditions.
The idea was for soldiers to swarm onto the enemy decks where the outcome of a battle would be settled by hand-to-hand fighting. This was why men-of-war often carried three times as many soldiers as sailors.
On the carrack, the forecastle usually projected out from the bows. In the new galleons,the castle was pulled back within the main lines of the ship and built inside the bows. The poop was also much lower and
John Hawkins Revolutionary Galleons
The extra beam size of the carrack served the additional purpose of providing room for reserve troops housed in a deep pit in the centre of the ship. Hawkins replaced the pit with two decks of heavy guns.
Although an English challenge to the might of Spain appeared to pit a midget against a mammoth, England was better equipped for it than this comparison might suggest.
Read on
The Murder of Queen Elizabeth I of England
The Spanish Armada and the Invasion of England
The Life of Sir Francis Drake
Until Hawkins came on the scene, warfare at sea had been regarded for more than two thousand years as a floating version of war on land. In this context, Spain’s men-of-war were mostly cumbersome carrack-type vessels, with timbers that could measure between 4 and 5 feet thick.
The Elizabethan Sea Dogs
They resembled sea-borne castles with their very high sterns and wide beams and were designed to provide a broad, lofty platform for deadly volleys of musket fire and a springboard for grappling and boarding.
John Hawkins’ theories of naval warfare did away with the grappling and boarding technique altogether. He envisaged fast ships with sleek lines that would rely solely on long-range gunpower to fight and win battles at sea.
The first of the new ga
Even more significant changes lay in the slimmer waists of Hawkins’ galleons, and their more streamlined shape and more level decks. These features resulted in a radical change in the traditional proportions of 16th century ships.
His design also allowed the galleons to carry lighter, more numerous longer-ranged culverins that could send a 9 lb. shot streaking over half a mile of water with an accuracy that was superlative by the standards of the time.
the galleons acquired [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], in addition, longer beaks projecting far out over the bows.
An Age Old Concept of Naval Warfare
Another of Hawkins’ innovations was the method he introduced after 1578 for striking the topmast, the second section of a square-rigged sailing vessel’s, sited immediately above the lower mast.
The New Proportions of English Galleons
The country’s advantage was the quality of the so-called Elizabethan “Sea Dogs” like Francis Drake [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Martin Frobisher, Walter Raleigh or John Hawkins. Among the heroes of Tudor England, Hawkins has been overshadowed by Drake and the rest. Nevertheless, his concept of shipbuilding and ship design were far superior to the ideas on which Spain’s old-fashioned fleet was based.
Hawkins’ new galleons, as developed in the twenty years after 1570, cut down on the heavy bow and stern castles that made the traditional carrack so top-heavy and awkward to sail.
Where a carrack’s proportions might be 3:2:1 - that is stem to stern length [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], keel length and width of beam - the English galleons possessed proportions of 4:3:1.
相关的主题文章：

[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]

[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]

[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]