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This may seem straightforward enough, but difficulties soon arise. If a robot is given two conflicting instructions, it’s unclear whether it’s capable of devising some third, presumably preferable option. For example, if I wanted to order a cheese pizza, and you wanted pepperoni, we would probably order an entirely different kind that we both agreed on, or ask for different toppings on each half. Would a machine like NAO be able to do this, or would it simply go with my suggestion, since we went with yours last time?
The Rules of Artificial Ethics
Before assessing the philosophical consequences of ethically programmed humanoid robots, an understanding of how they operate should be established. Encoding such machines is no small feat in itself; one look at the world around us makes it inescapably obvious that there’s a huge discrepancy of opinions as to what constitutes “goodness” or “fairness”. Idealist notions of a hard and fast set of ethical principles, if true in some abstract philosophical sense, remain virtually unattainable in practice.
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The Conundrum of Artificial Intelligence
The strides this makes for science and technology may be riveting, but the development of NAO and others like it raises some difficult questions for the disciplines of applied ethics and philosophy of mind. We might ask whether we can really attribute thoughts to humanoid robots, or if it's fair to call them truly intelligent.
Aldebran Robotics, a French company established in 2005 [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], recently released an academic edition of NAO, a humanoid robot. Rumored release date for a privately purchasable version of NAO is set to be sometime in 2011 or 2012, rendering the idea of one day owning a fully programmable robot more realistic than it may seem. One of the most fascinating aspects of NAO’s genesis is the attempt to encode such robots with ethical principles[ii].
Furthermore, on this account [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], determining the ethical value of any action is, in effect, no different from completing any other input-output function that machines as simple as thermometers are capable of. Is this kind of reduction acceptable? I, for one, feel a bit uneasy about the idea of leaving potentially important decisions in the hands of an ethical calculator.
If the answer to such questions is “yes”, we need to consider what effect this may have on our ideas of knowledge and consciousness, which have thus far only been attributed to living things. Furthermore, might the infusion of machines like NAO with ethical reasoning be seen as another example of humanity’s inclination to play God?
It appears as though recent events in Paris call upon us to shake the habit of referring to artificial intelligence as science fiction and to cease lumping it together with entertaining but unrelaistic ideas like intergalactic warfare and UFO's. No longer the stuff of [i]Star Trek episodes, the development of fully autonomous humanoid robots is within tantalizingly (or unsettlingly, depending on how you look at it) close reach.
Varied as ideas on ethics may be, programmers have managed to distill some universal principles with which to encode humanoid machines. The proposed model requires that the robot follow three basic precepts: do good, avoid harm [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], be fair[iii]. The robot will determine to what degree each of these precepts is satisfied in any given course of action, and on this basis, it will reason towards the “best” decision[iv].
While NAO may be the newest development in robotics, “intell