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Philosophical Investigations
One conception of philosophy, based on the writings of Ludwig Wittgenstein, considers that philosophy is simply a linguistic analysis of the concepts involved in the various intellectual disciplines, such as science [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], mathematics, and the humanities. Accordingly, philosophy may only describe cognitive disciplines, but must always stop short of making claims about what is true or false.
According to Aristotle, philosophy is “thinking about thinking”. According to this more ancient conception, philosophy seeks to know what is true within the various cognitive disciplines [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], including even religion, art and drama. Moreover [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], philosophy is called upon to synthesis truth from all these different fields for the sake of consistency. In this sense, philosophy is the final arbiter of truth when disagreements arise. And contrary to Wittgenstein’s assertion above, for Aristotle philosophy is called upon to be a foundation to each separate branch of knowledge. This foundation he calls metaphysics.
In Wittgenstein's ‘Philosophical Investigations’ of 1953, he writes: “A philosophical problem has the form: ‘I don’t know my way about.’ Philosophy may in no way interfere with the actual use of language; it can in the end only describe. For it cannot give it any foundation either. It leaves everything as it is.” This definition would seem peculiar to most people uninitiated in the ways of modern philosophy, and perhaps it is partially responsible for the ambiguity of the purpose of philosophy in recent years.
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Philosophy of Religion
Aristotelian Thinking
In the first half of the twentieth century the first conception began to have emerging dominance in the Anglo-American tradition of philosophy, most notably within the Vienna Circle of logical positivists. But in more recent decades, metaphysical philosophy is receiving an audience again. While the philosophy of language has delivered interesting results for philosophers, students may be forgiven for thinking that this wasn’t what they thought they were signing up to, as philosophy has a name for dealing with the ‘big questions’. If ‘philosophy leaves everything as it is’, it can’t really give the answers that philosophers traditionally search for.
Two Ends of A Spectrum
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