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Causes of environmental problems and countermeasures system

Abstract: This paper analyzes the approaches of new institutionalism that the root of the problem lies in the system environment, the failure of the market failure and government failure; environmental problems lies in the concept of sustainable development under the guidance system of innovation, to build the green market Mechanism and sustainable government policies. Keywords: environmental problems, system failures, system innovation of the environmental problems and the system (a) the importance of institutions children fashion I did not take the Quartet, great rivers and mountains of the motherland from the original understanding of that magnificent poem of Li Bai. Especially the magnificent phrase But when I visit the ancient Yellow River embankment, see is just a slowly flowing water with a narrow pass, my heart can not help but filled with a nameless Chou Chang, like a wandering wanderer, after all, home, and the old garden is desolate. I think if Bai back to life, bound to me more sad, that gave his stirring poetry of the sublime mountains and is now being trampled was devastated. His most Zhongai the Yellow River, and had given him an imaginative waterfall disappeared, mountain bald, water foul, and days of gray, as well as acid rain, desertification, greenhouse effect, ozone depletion and other emerging environmental issues, is one step closer to the beautiful homes we have become grave. Even more tragic is that this threat is not from hostile forces of mankind, nor is it a natural transition from the natural conditions, but from ourselves, from our own arrogance and ignorance. Bitter experience, the majority of people of insight as a social conscience began to try to torture the soul that is human greed, trying to find out the environmental problems [1] and correct the root causes. With the efforts of the people, the many causes of environmental problems are gradually found that political factors, economic factors, technical factors, ethical factors, historical factors and so on. These factors are undoubtedly exist, their discovery of But the paper argues that these are not the main cause, because the modern rule of law is Environmental problems are generated from people's production and consumption behavior unreasonable, and irrational human behavior arises, is not well rooted in our system to carry out its duties regulating human behavior. Therefore, the paper argues that the root causes of environmental problems lies in the system [2] failed. legal system is important, and become the most important control tool of modern society, lies in the system first and foremost and always have a function: that is extent, the creation and spread of information, relevant information to shape people's behavior, a good system should be advising people to do good, evil person inhibition; a bad system effect may on the contrary, would not a good thing to do good, so bad people do whatever they want. In a society, when people generally biased or even wrong behavior, we should first ask is whether this social system provides for people to conduct the proper incentives and proper guidance, and not to ask people's moral and ethical behavior level or political and economic conditions and other factors. Irrational behavior is not only unreasonable system. The emerging environmental problems of today, we should not stop causing environmental problems in the study of politics, economy, technology, customs, ethics and other factors, but should focus on whether our system of environmental behavior of people to provide the appropriate incentives and the proper guidance. The problem is precisely in this, our system is not for the people's behavior to provide a conducive environment for inspiration, but to a large extent contributed to the behavior harmful to the environment. This is the intensifying of the root causes of environmental problems, this paper will try to find from a system perspective the root causes of environmental problems and countermeasures. (b) the external environment and the Institution externality is Economics an important and frequently used concept, but people in the elaboration and use a conceptual system of meaning often ignored. Externalities and the system in fact a very close relationship, not only outside of the existing institutional arrangement itself is the result of externalities is more important institutional change is also guided the right direction. After taking into account institutional factors, we can express the meaning of externalities, meaning that under the existing institutional arrangements for some of the costs or benefits of a decision-making unit is the external fact. Externalities are positive externalities and negative externalities of the points, the positive externalities that exist outside earnings, the existence of negative externalities that the case of external costs. Behavior of decision-making units in the decision making is always based on self-interest considerations, and in external nature, the decision-making units and community interests between the deviation, the result is bound to damage the interests of society. These losses are often referred to as [4] External profits not only from outside, transaction costs, economies of scale are also a number of external sources of profits more important source. External profit is the driving force of social system innovation, system innovation is the purpose of profit as much as possible the internalization of these external, in order to increase society's overall welfare. environmental problems are generated and intensified, and the fundamental reason is that the system of institutional arrangements in the existing environment, there are strong externalities. Environmental pollution and destruction has a strong negative externality, the polluter and destroyer of much less than the cost borne by the cost of social commitment, constrained only by their own costs will eventually make the polluter and destroyer of environmental pollution and damage beyond the community the optimal amount, or more than the tolerance value of the environment. Environmental Protection is a strong positive externality, protector of the interests received less than the social benefits, subject only to motivate the protector of their interests will not have enough incentive to provide social protection needs. In the case of environmental pollution and damage to flooding, the case of a serious shortage of environmental protection, environmental issues do not appear strange'd had. On environmental issues, our system is the failure of the most fundamental of these is that there is no reasonable internalization of externalities. When the system will be reasonable and internalization of these externalities, the decision-making unit of the private rate of return will equal the social rate of return, then its behavior will certainly consistent with the interests of the community, such as environmental pollution and destruction, contrary to the interests and social behavior will be controlled environmental problems will gradually be resolved. This article will follow this approach to expand the analysis. But this is not the only analysis of this approach, the system reduces transaction costs in the role and it will be the role of the internalization of externalities as important, the analysis on the transaction cost analysis approach is one of this article. In addition, the analysis on the system efficiency is one of this analysis approach, where the system efficiency has two meanings: First, the operating efficiency of the system itself; second system on the efficiency of social and economic activities. The unity of these three approaches is that they are on the external and internal discussions of the profit. This approach through the analysis of the major current system's failures on environmental issues, and to make this system innovation corresponding recommendations. Second, the failure of the market - one of the roots system of environmental issues In traditional economics, the market is seen as only one based on individual rational pursuit of economic self-interest maximization market place, market research on most people stay in the economic analysis of individual behavior, and rarely on the economy of market institutional arrangements shape the role of human behavior. However, the system point of view, the market is a social system. The establishment and healthy development of the market wealth of the institutional basis of need, sharing and so on. ) provides the people are faced with the choice set and may make decisions. Thus, in studying the market in the environmental issues of alienation and failure, we should not only stay in people's condemnation on the economy, but should focus on examining the arrangements of our market system itself is providing people with the appropriate incentives. (a) the property of fuzzy and incomplete title refers to ] is the heart and soul of the market system, its importance lies in the fact that they can help a person to form his dealings with other people's reasonable expectations that shape a person's behavior. To effectively play the role of property rights a prerequisite, it must be determined and complete. However, to accurately describe the full meaning of property rights is impossible, however, the right to use a scarce resource. Of the transferable property rights will be re-arrangement is to other people's rights. [7] exclusive to people with the incentive of self-utility maximization, of the transferable property rights will be configured to make the most valuable place possible. Vague and incomplete to any weakening of property rights will lead, affect the entire community resource allocation efficiency. In contrast to China's resource property system and environmental property rights system, but everywhere is full of vague and incomplete. status of our natural resources, property rights system. Property rights system of the creation of natural resources in the 80's, when China's economic system is still in the fetters of the planned economy, under a law of that time was only natural resource is the planned economy era, management of natural resources, the legal system of administration only. In building a socialist market economy today, making the most of natural resources in an awkward legal position, in the exclusive and transferable property rights of exposed some serious flaws. (1) resources for exclusive property rights. Under our Constitution and natural resources law, all natural resources are owned by the state and collectives. In theory, the public also has exclusive rights. However, due to lack of specific resources on behalf of property rights, in the system there is no clear central government, local governments, departments and local residents the rights and obligations, so in fact the State and collective ownership has been all departments, local ownership, community ownership and All such individuals a non-formal system of resource ownership is replaced. [9] The result is a large distribution of benefits of resource use conflicts, leading to a variety of developers, including the departments, localities, organizations and individuals, the competition for resources development interests at the expense of sustainable use of natural resources, predatory exploitation situation, leading to a serious waste of resources and ecological damage. (2) may be transferable property rights in resources in terms of our natural resources law is also a lot of drawbacks. The public nature of the resources and the separation of ownership and use rights, the right to use the initial distribution of resources in the hands of the administration of various types of resources sector hands, became a vassal of the executive power, loss of property due economic incentives, reduced resources in the administrative departments tool rental and rent-seeking, distorting the allocation of resources. Most of China's resource use rights are restricted or prohibited transfer, which blocked a road leading to efficient use of resources. Transfer of the few property rights (such as land use rights, prospecting and mining rights) and the lack of appropriate protection measures and reasonable price system, which led to the abuse and overexploitation of resources, causing a large number of ecological problems. environmental property rights situation in China. With the high level of economic development and the improvement of the economic value of environmental purification capacity and the beautiful has become a scarce resource, the corresponding system of property rights need to restrain and guide people to the relevant actors to promote the environmental resources effective use. But China has no national-level environmental property rights legislation. Environment in China is a shared thing, anyone can freely access, not exclusive. Greedy pursuit of profit in the psychology of people, driven by the emergence of the environment of the (b) of the price distortion 1, the role and operation of the price mechanism price is the result of alienation of property rights can be a reflection of resources arising from transactions the value of economies of scale. Value-based prices, but the one after it has generated its unique role and operation of the mechanism. Mainly with the role of resource allocation. Resource allocation function of prices is the price to bring the information to guide their people to rational use of resources, thus achieving the optimum allocation of resources, which is the price of the most important role. Limited in resources and the environment can not fully meet the conditions required for economic activity, in order to effectively develop, use and protection of resources and the need for rational pricing environment. Obviously, to make the optimal allocation of resources to, the price must fully reflect the value of the resources. So, the price reflects the value of what it? This will involve the operation of the price mechanism. In traditional theory, the price is only seen as the role of supply and demand results. is a control problem, and is a system problem, that is how to build a set of rules and rights to govern the process of individual choice, and in a changing, interactive world of what can be done in determining a person's problem. The more developed market economy, the more perfect the system, the price more easily distorted. 2, China is now the price pattern and harm our current price structure can be summarized this way: This generalization might not be precise and not comprehensive, but it is far more refined than those with the image of the complex description. Facts have proved that such a price pattern is unreasonable. This pattern of unreasonable price arrangements is largely the result of the current system of property rights discussed later in the fuzzy and the absence of the market are to blame, but here are mainly discusses some of the more direct cause. (1) the reasons for low-cost resources. Price is based on the value of natural resources to determine the appropriate price, must recognize the value of the composition. In arguing the value of resources and the environment, the utility theory of value is obviously more explanatory power. Value comes from the usefulness of the human, is human resources and environment determine the usefulness of the existence of its value. Resources in human society the role of place in two ways, first as a direct means of production, and second, to maintain the necessary external conditions of human activity - the constituent elements of the environment. [11] Therefore, the value of resources consists of two parts, namely, economic value and ecological value. As a value-based prices to fully reflect the value of these two parts of resources in order to make the configuration of natural resources to achieve Pareto optimal state. The economic value of natural resources, consists of two parts, one is the economic value of their own natural resources, and second, the exploitation of natural resources and costs. In China, the price system is developed under the guidance of the labor theory of value, the only recognized natural resources development, utilization costs, do not recognize their own natural resources, the economic value of natural and ecological value. This was the most direct cause of the low-cost resources. (2) the limitations of the charging system. Environment is priceless by Labor, but the existence of the charging system, the objective of China's environment has a certain price. However, the original intention of the charging system is not created out of recognition of environmental and ecological value, but to compensate for pollution control capital requirements. Meanwhile, despite the charging system on pollution prevention and control work to make a great contribution, but its many limitations still we can not be ignored. First, the sewage charge is imposed due to the amount of environmental compensation in the form, you can not fully internalize externalities. Secondly, the sewage charges implemented subsidy rules, after the environmental protection department collected 80% of the sewage charges to return the original corporate governance pollution, but no corresponding constraint mechanism, sewage charges were diverted to other uses of the problems occur. Finally, the source of contamination has production, but also consumption, while ignoring the charging system for consumption on the environment pollution. [12] To sum up, whether it is the price of resources or the environment are much lower than the price level should be achieved, can not fully internalize externalities, the price of the social wealth to configure the navigation device away from its correct orientation . Coupled with the resources and the environment has not been established accounting system, in order to pursue short-term economic growth, it reserves the resources to accelerate into a large number of products in order to value a price increase of environmental pollution in order to accelerate economic growth in the total economy value of the accounts was not a compensation resource depletion and environmental pollution projects. All of this greatly increased waste of resources, ecological destruction and environmental pollution. (c) the market is not the absence of the fuzzy property rights and price distortions, resource and environmental markets doomed it difficult for development or non-existent. Ecological functions in the basin, such as upper, middle and lower reaches of the market lacks the rational allocation of natural resources market although there are very developed, very sound trading rules, transaction costs. Difficult to achieve a reasonable allocation of resources results. Broadly speaking, the property described in the previous system and price system also is the perfect market is the optimal allocation of resources to achieve the best places, the absence of market allocation of resources will undermine the efficiency of the scope of the market system, just to discuss the before them the convenience of singled out for discussion here is limited to its market trading rules, the intermediary system and supervision system. Ambiguous property rights trading rules limit the System, without a sound trading rules would increase the price distortions, which led to the deterioration of resource allocation. Thus, the market is a perfect system works. Third, the failure of government - an alternative system of environmental causes a market, no matter how perfect it, its function is always finite, even if we have previously above those problems have been a good solution, we must not expect the market alone to solve environmental problems. When the market does not or can not function effectively, the Government would need to extend the However, the marriage of government and the market to achieve social welfare maximization is only a necessary condition but not sufficient condition. Handling of environmental issues also. Because of its special preferences and bounded rationality, government intervention is sometimes not effective in curbing environmental pollution and destruction,ghd italia, and sometimes even be counter-productive, a situation often referred to as government failure. On environmental issues, the Government's failure lies in the following aspects. (a) the failure of government environmental systems the failure of government environmental systems mainly for the following four points: 1, heavy pollution control, ecological protection light . And pollution control laws and regulations of the complex contrast, ecological protection laws are few, and rarely seriously implemented. Environmental pollution due to happen around us, more subject to public and government attention. Ecological damage is well away from people's lives have been ignored. In fact due to ecological damage far-reaching in terms of time, space wide on the Mountain and the consequences of a comprehensive, irreversible, the harm than environmental pollution is serious, far-reaching and more. Neglect of ecological protection will cause irreversible damage. 2, focus on source control, light regional governance. This is one of China's environmental policy failures, it ignores the correlation between physical properties of nature and environmental integrity, as the environmental factors will be isolated, contrary to the laws of nature, is a stop-hurts the disease of blind short-sighted move, leading to emergence of environmental protection work hard to prevent the situation. Meanwhile, the concrete implementation of this policy environment can easily lead to a The reason is the external environment with a strong, environmental pollution and damage costs are easy to transfer, that is only part of the negative impact of the current local bear, and have a very important part of or transfer to other areas, or transferred to future society. Yangtze River and Huaihe River Basin ecological damage, environmental pollution, is the failure of this policy of live examples. 3, concentration control, total control of light. This is a failure of pollution control policies, it ignores the limited environmental capacity, resulting in waste of resources and damage to the neglect of the degree of pollution is determined by the total amount of pollutants the fact that, ignoring the cumulative effects of pollution. The results not only failed to effectively control the spread of pollution, but pollution caused by the deterioration of the situation. 4, heavy end of the control, light control the entire process. End of the control is a pollution control strategy, its focus on the control of pollutants emission limitation or after the election, after the disposal of waste and name it. [13] In this, we will expand the explanation for the end of the control to cover similar ecological protection strategies. Although Taiwan has established the legal principle of prevention, environmental impact assessment regulations, three at the same time and some preventive system, but these systems are not perfect, and the lack of necessary support systems and become soft constraints of the system. Directly reflects the end of the control system there is some basis for good law enforcement and the implementation of basic, has a strong binding, which fully demonstrates the legislative status of the end of the control mode of thinking legislators. [14] the end of the implementation of control strategies, while improving the environment has played and will continue to play an important role, but after years of practice, but also exposed a number of drawbacks. End of the control mode and industrial production and resource development, phase separated, but the adverse consequences of economic activity for passive treatment, such treatment often can not fundamentally eliminate the pollution and ecological destruction, and general treatment facilities investment is large, running costs high, resulting in additional waste of resources, both production and development of environmental hazards other than ill-considered, more importantly, environmental pollution and damage the whole ecosystem may have long-term cumulative irreversible underestimated the potential impact of . Based on this, we need to reform this environmental strategy. (b) the failure of government policies related to between various government policies is by no means isolated, but are influenced and restricted, and the failure of policies, will affect the environment the efficiency of the policy, making it difficult to achieve the desired objectives. Therefore, the relevant government policies should attract our attention. 1, the main system is not perfect. The behavior of the main decision-making is always guided by their interests, there would be no incentive to conduct the interests of the initiative. China's current deficiencies in the system lies precisely in the main economic benefits of the soft constraints, that many state-owned enterprises have yet to become real stakeholders. Although China's state-owned enterprises have made great progress, but there are still many difficult for enterprises to truly self-financing, resource development especially in the field of state-owned enterprises. In order to enable enterprises to act in conformity with environmental protection objectives, the Government often take some of the economic adjustment measures, including incentive measures (such as giving them various incentives and subsidies) and the restrictive measures (such as levying higher taxes, impose a fine) . For these measures is a prerequisite for entry into force of the real interests of the enterprises have become the subject of the enterprise according to their own interests to adjust to the economic adjustment measures that occur after the implementation of supply and demand changes and changes in profitability, with a corresponding resource configuration and use of the adjustment. And when companies do not self-financing, the reflection of these measures must be slow or even numb. As someone observed, Overall, China's environmental policy is the executive-led type, ignore the middle tier of the market and the community (ie intermediaries) role. This situation not only breeds corruption, and resulted in inefficient operation of environmental policy. In order to improve the efficiency of environmental policy, developed intermediary organization is essential to a better implementation of environmental policies are well developed mediation system, which is exactly what I lack. 3, the social security system is not perfect. A country in a number of social development objectives will inevitably conflict, and sometimes even lead to social unrest, and social security system is the social safety valve to mitigate these conflicts. Environmental protection objectives and other social development goals will inevitably come into conflict, in the absence of a good case of the social security system, environmental objectives tend to be sacrificed. Number of polluting enterprises are unable to close (or bankruptcy), one of the reasons is that China's social security system is not perfect, the increase in unemployed people will affect social stability. IV summarizes the failure of the system and Reflection (a) the failure on the system summary by the previous analysis, the system can be summed up China's environment is as follows two characteristics: 1, too much emphasis on the role of the administrative mechanism, ignoring the market and social forces with existing environmental system universal concept of the planned economy era of strong government imprinting, too much emphasis on administrative enforcement mechanism, doubt and ignore the market and social forces. stage, the institutional arrangement has not yet formed. resource areas of legislation through the executive-led government is also thinking of the arrangement and implementation of legal norms are around the supply and administration of government allocation, the market supply of provisions did not enter the legal system. kinds of institutional arrangements to run costly, inefficient and difficult to achieve its intended goals. 2, highlight individual responsibility, social responsibility stressed the lack of our environmental responsibilities from the original by compensation, the developer conservation, restoration destroyer To point source control, concentration control, terminal control system characterized by individual responsibility are based on the creation of, could have been the deadline for the broader context of governance systems, such as environmental impact assessment system has only been limited to individual responsibility range. However, the environmental characteristics of public goods required to emphasize individual responsibility, the community of environmental responsibility. Reflect the social responsibility of regional control, total control system is very imperfect and not be seriously implemented, so that the external environment has not been effective allocation of, resulting in numerous environmental problems rule rule, keep track of the situation. the foregoing summary and the two previously discussed, we can summarize the failure of environmental policy: Under the existing system in existence (1) External, (2) high transaction costs (3) system inefficiencies. These are also (b) reflect on the failure of the system lead to system failure for many reasons, the more important the Group conflict of interest and the limitations of social science knowledge. Environmental regime is the source of the failure of a narrow ideological doctrine of economic growth. But our government policies and government officials to shift its done quite narrow and secluded understanding of the economic development and environmental protection against each other, and thus to deny the importance of environmental protection, and no awareness of environmental and economic development is closely related to and complementary. A large part of economic growth through consumption of natural resources, the the reason why our system to reflect the ideological roots of failure, because the idea (known as the ideological system of school literature in general) has an important role in the system. Mainly in its structure or with a recognized system of the existing system in line with changes in the meaning of rational functions, can reduce the shadow price of consumption devout, dilute opportunistic behavior and reduce the costs. [17] a correct guiding ideology can better overcome the previously mentioned reasons unite in a system failure, and enhance people's sense of identity of institutional change, institutional change will reduce the cost as low as possible level. This task is now only thought of sustainable development can play, and its legal system should become the holder of the environment lead ideology. on the meaning of sustainable development, it is often used in 1987 the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) presented a programmatic document needs, without compromising the future generations to meet their needs the ability to pose a hazard to development. In particular, sustainable development requires us to follow when dealing with development issues in the following three principles: First, sustainability, even if the development of human society has a long-term maintenance of the process and the state, the core principle of sustainable development. This principle is generally described as ecological sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability of the three areas. Second, the fairness that emphasizes the satisfaction of human needs and desires is the main objective of development should be given equal opportunities for all, to realize their desire to have a better life. The fair has two meanings here: the same horizontal equity between generations, and vertical equity between generations. Third, the systematic principle, that is the survival of mankind and Earth as a people-centered, systems based on the natural environment, the system of natural, economic, social and political factors are interrelated. Sustainable development depends on the system's ability to control the population, resources, carrying capacity, environmental self-purification capacity, ability to grow the economy, social needs, management of regulatory capacity, and coordination between various capacity-building. [18] The core idea of sustainable development can be summarized as: a healthy economic development, should be based on ecological sustainability, social justice and people's active participation in decision-making on the basis of their own development; the goal of sustainable development is both so that human needs are met, the full development of individuals, but also protecting natural resources and ecological environment, future generations not to pose a threat to the survival and development; measuring sustainable development are economic, environmental and social indicators in three areas, lack of a not. [19] This is a new concept of development, is simply the pursuit of economic growth, Here we will present system of innovation on the environment of specific proposals of sustainable development is the guiding ideology. Improve the administrative mechanisms in the same time, highlight and emphasize the role of markets and society; the emphasis on individual responsibility, the responsibility of improving the social environment. Through these measures the internalization of externalities, reduce transaction costs and improve system efficiency, the internal external profits, and promote solutions to environmental problems and the promotion of social welfare. five, one of system innovation: Building the green market system system we will build the green market institutional system, aimed at sustainable development, under the guidance of ideas to improve property rights system, the price mechanism and transaction rules, the environmental externalities within a reasonable, lower transaction costs, to enable the market mechanism on people's behavior to form a reasonable incentive to guide people to a reasonable use of limited resources and the environment.