International service trade liberalization on deve

yxfbbiedtj

International service trade liberalization on developing countries and the countermeasures

First, the international trade in services liberalization of the possible impact on developing countries ? Its economic impact is mainly reflected in the following areas: 1. On economic efficiency. Overall, the service trade liberalization is conducive to economic efficiency in developing countries, mainly in the following areas: (1) due to foreign service providers enter the market, enterprises in developing countries to have more opportunities to quality and cheap services, improve economic efficiency of enterprises. (2) developing countries to import much-needed economic development, and its production can not meet the demand of services, thus contributing to the development of production and services to solve the conflict behind. (3) the competition will force foreign enterprises service companies in developing countries in line to the international advanced level, the absorption of foreign advanced technology and experience of services, efforts to reduce costs, improve quality and competitiveness, to the world market. (4) has an advantage for developing countries to develop their own service industries, imports of services does not have a comparative advantage, thus promoting the efficient allocation of economic resources, have advantages for developing countries to create more opportunities for services exports. 2. On the balance of payments. Trade in services liberalization on the balance of payments is twofold, on the one hand, the developing countries to reduce restrictions on imports of services, the short term may lead to a substantial increase in imports, resulting in deterioration of the balance of payments; the other hand, developing countries can the liberalization of the international environment by seeking to expand their exports of services. As to the import of high quality low cost services, developing countries may reduce the cost of its material products, improve quality and enhance the international competitiveness of exports of goods, thereby increasing revenue. Meanwhile, the moderate liberalization of the financial services market will also facilitate the inflow of foreign capital, improve the international balance of payments. 3. The impact of technological progress. Liberalization of trade in services to promote the role of technological progress has two main aspects: (1) service trade itself can become a channel for technology transfer. As technological advances are often the first place in the service sector, so that you can enable developing countries through technology transfer, consulting, training and other technical services and other forms of access to advanced information technology. Meanwhile, foreign direct investment in technology services is often accompanied by some of the technology transfer. (2) the pressure of international competition will force the service to speed up technological progress in developing countries, to enhance competitiveness and thus promote technical progress in other sectors. Of course, the liberalization of trade in services may also have a negative impact on technological progress, for example, a country too dependent on foreign high-tech service may suppress their own research and development in this area. But in general, the service impact of trade liberalization on technological progress is positive. 4. The impact on employment. Low productivity service sector in developing countries, a high degree of labor-intensive, labor quality is poor, more difficult to transfer to other departments. Therefore, the service trade liberalization may make their services and materials associated with deterioration of the production sector employment, and developing countries have not grown up on high-tech services, such as remote communications services, professional legal services, finance and insurance services and information consulting services, and so may cause damage, thus affecting the development of these services and domestic employment. But with the expansion of import and export services may also increase as part of employment, particularly through the expansion of exports of services, can alleviate some pressure on domestic employment. 5. On economic security. Trade in services liberalization on the economic security of developing countries, mainly in two aspects: (1) of the country's economic independence and economic sovereignty. Services trade liberalization could undermine the economic independence of developing countries, the reason is, first of all the services trade liberalization commitments would enable developing countries to some extent, the loss of part of the economic decision-making autonomy, especially in developing countries Some essential services, such as communications, finance and transportation and other developed countries may be subject to control and domination of transnational corporations at the expense of the host country's sovereignty. Second, the foreign service may inhibit competition in small developing countries, the emerging service industries, especially high-tech services and the associated production of high-tech industries, making it difficult for them to improve their industrial structure, resulting in high-tech services dependent on developed countries. (2) the stability of economic development. The stability of economic development is associated with independence, unreasonable industrial structure and a high degree of external dependence will affect the economy's long-term stability and development. In addition, the liberalization of trade in services also increased by the following two aspects of economic instability: on the one hand, encouraging the liberalization of trade in services of a State under the principle of comparative advantage, comparative advantage of developing their own services, some of which may enhance the development of the state dependence of a single service sector is not conducive to the formation of these countries, the resilience of the international market; on the other hand, banking and other financial services market, opening up the domestic financial system would enable developing countries and the world financial market linkages together. Once the occurrence of strong turbulence in international financial markets will inevitably impact on the economies of developing countries. For example, in July 1997 from Thailand's Southeast Asian financial crisis began, and soon the entire Asia and the resulting turmoil in global financial markets. 6. Restricting factors. Through the above analysis is not difficult to see economic benefits of services trade liberalization on developing countries, the impact is more good than harm, the impact of economic security is more harm than good. It should be noted that not only do developing countries in trade-offs theoretical reasoning and analysis, also taking into account the actual constraints, because these factors on the process of liberalization in developing countries plays a substantial impact on the fate of . (1) the constraints of the international economic environment. Services trade liberalization to developing countries to provide more and better services to enhance the competitiveness of developing country exports. However, in real economic life, the export competitiveness of developing countries in the areas most often the most developed areas of trade protectionism. Therefore, the developing countries due to the improvement of export competitiveness to the benefit of this may be largely offset by trade protectionism in developed countries. Developed technology to protect a certain extent, limit the trade in services liberalization in developing countries may be obtained from the transfer of technology interests. (2) developing its own technical standards and technical capacity constraints. Liberalization of trade in services can stimulate the service sector more competitive developing countries, reduce trade barriers, its comparative advantage in favor of developing the service to enter the international market. However, the modern service industry and increasing competition from international labor costs, the competitive advantage of geographical shift technology competition. The relative backwardness of science and technology in developing countries is precisely the greatest obstacle to the real economy, manifested as low technical level and management level, the lack of the necessary material production base and so on. Maximum benefit in the liberalization of information technology services, developing countries due to technical capacity constraints, without effective measures, in a free trade environment, the competitiveness of developed countries, developing countries may inhibit development of service industry than catalytic role. (3) developing services within the constraints of the industrial structure. Developing services, the greatest weakness of the industrial structure is the production of services developed, so introduction of the international market most in need of production services, and information technology services production is precisely the greatest impact on national economic security of the area. If fully their own devices in developing countries, which inevitably dependent on the developed countries in this regard. In information technology services production in developed countries depends on the risk, not only suppressed the development of national high-tech services, developing countries lag behind the service is difficult to reform the industrial structure, but also because it may make the information resources of developing countries in the world redistribution of the system at a disadvantage. When developing countries dependent on imports of data processing, it may be formed by the developing countries, the original raw data, processed by the pattern of developed countries. In this exchange, the developing countries on the one hand the data processing costs to pay the other hand, output of the original information free of charge, while developed countries in making value-added information processing, while also received free information. Free outflow of information, not only the loss of valuable economic resources of developing countries, but also a potential national security threat. From the international service trade development trends, the liberalization of external competition will force the formation of only the developing countries have a comparative advantage in tourism development, engineering and construction, labor export and other traditional services, the limitations of the structure and services in developing countries the formation of its dependence on imported production services. The one hand, developing countries depend on imports from developed countries the production of information technology services, on the other hand rely on traditional exports of services in exchange for foreign exchange, balance of international payments. Liberalization of trade in services is likely to make this pattern immobilization, this pattern is the essence of trade in services with low added value services in developing countries to developed countries in exchange for higher value-added services, with a simple exchange of labor, labor and complexity. This means that the rich labor resources of developing countries in the international market have been unable to translate into higher value, the development of
next national pattern of trade in services limited to low value-added level. This built on the basis of comparative advantage once the long-term pattern of trade in services continue, developing countries will never be able to change their backward status. This is the liberalization of trade in services in developing countries facing the most serious practical problems. Second, developing countries in international trade in services liberalization measures in developed countries, the principle of services play an important role in economic development,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], economic development services to developing countries is also significant. Therefore, regardless of the impact of the liberalization of international trade in services how the liberalization of developing countries must face this reality. Because international trade in services liberalization is an objective requirement for further development. In this case, the developing countries in services trade liberalization measures of the basic guiding principle is to break the limitations of the existing comparative advantages, reduce the technology gap, the trade structure to improve their services, so as to promote their use of services trade liberalization in services development, while minimizing the negative impact of liberalization weakened. From the perspective of international competition, the following points are worthy of widespread attention in developing countries. 1. Foothold in the services sector in developing countries should be on promoting the economic development, not just only for the export and increase revenue. Use in accordance with the principle of comparative advantage in natural conditions and cheap labor advantage the development of tourism, construction, labor export, etc. of the few traditional services, the balance of payments as a source of economic benefits can be obtained relatively quickly. However, in the long run, this strategy is difficult to export long-term foothold in the international market. As we all know, is a modern service industry in international competition and material production sectors linked to international competition, international trade in services are also powerful material production power. Trade in services is the core of modern information technology services as the main production services. If the traditional non-information services can rely more on labor or environmental factors such as geography to get a comparative advantage, then the information services to improve international competitiveness, it is the level of development of social productive forces and the associated. Even in developing countries and regions, a strong trade in services in Singapore, Hong Kong, it is precisely the status of visible trade strong countries and regions. Therefore, developing countries can not produce the services and material separated. Special attention should be the development of productive service, the service industry and the development of organic material production combine to promote each other, support each other, so that the development of services in the economy play an active role. The one hand the development of producer services help to improve the competitiveness of commodity exports, on the other hand, production of services to improve their competitiveness and export structure can improve service, reduce dependence on foreign service. Implementation of this strategy, avoid quick success, for some of the production and play an important role in promoting the development of knowledge, technology-intensive services, even if inconsistent with the principle of comparative advantage, making it difficult to enter the international market should be supported, because the only way to ensure services potential in the international competition. 2. Developing countries for their own advantage of cheap labor should have a clear understanding. With the social productive forces and science and technology, humanity has entered an information, culture and knowledge as the main means of production of the era - the era of knowledge economy. In this era of comparative labor advantage not only depends on its price, but also depend on its quality. Although low-cost labor in developing countries, but the cultural and technical quality is low, can only engage in labor-intensive low value-added services that the developed countries despite the high cost of labor, but engaged in high value-added knowledge-and technology-intensive services, and create high value. Therefore, developing countries must make great efforts to improve the quality of labor, liberalization of trade in services or the competition can only be engaged in labor-intensive services, of course, this does not mean that developing countries can not develop labor-intensive services. In fact, the development of labor-intensive services is the first developing countries in general the only way to enter the international service market. But it must be clear, the development of labor-intensive services are not an end but a means for the future of technology to improve service levels to create conditions for capital accumulation. 3. Developing countries should be based on open technology to improve service levels, trade in services and give full play the role as a channel for technology transfer. The process of competitive liberalization in the service of economic security and national sovereignty of developing countries hardest hit by the communications, finance, computer services and other high-tech field of information technology. While the developing countries the introduction of such services is most needed and most likely to get such services from the benefits of technology transfer. If the result of the impact of the closed-door policy can only lead to never fall behind. The only option is to import technology under an open, nurturing their own high-tech services. High-tech service industries of developing countries in the early stages of establishing by way of foreign direct investment more favorable to introduce high-tech services. Because direct investment is more conducive to technology transfer. U.S. technology transfer to developing countries 80% of direct investment by multinational companies conducted. The introduction of the use of trade in the form of high-tech service can only get results, not the introduction of the production process, but likely to cause dependence on imports, is not conducive to developing high-tech service industries to develop from scratch. Of course, the introduction of direct investment in high-tech services will involve a series of national sovereignty and security issues, which requires developing countries to adopt appropriate policy measures, while avoiding disadvantages. 4. For the initiative in international negotiations. International trade in services liberalization negotiations, currently in a passive position of developing countries. Deny the proposal developed more specific measures to come up with their own less. Developing countries should adhere to the principle of differential treatment based on the existing barriers to services trade to make their own analysis, put forward positive proposals. Liberalization of trade in services of developing countries in international negotiations should have two main objectives: one is to maintain appropriate protection of their right to the service industry, and the other is to improve their services to the world for favorable conditions. Protection standpoint should be to increase the technical level of their services and foster their own high-tech services; open footing should be the introduction of technology, it must be noted that technology transfer is possible from the service trade liberalization in developing countries to get the maximum benefits. 【Reference】 [1] Paul Samuelson, William Nordhaus: [2] 彼得林德特: [3] Tian Wenjun: [4] Huang Weiping, Cheng greatly: